Profiling Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning usually is a consequence of poor temperature control.

Some history

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) was first recognized as a cause of food poisoning in 1945.

What is C. perfringens, and where is its natural habitat?

C. perfringens is a spore-forming bacterium that is only able to grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic conditions). The spores are able to withstand normal cooking temperatures. Spores of C. perfringens are found in soil, dust, and the intestines of animals and humans.

How is C. perfringens transmitted? What is the incubation period of the infection?

C. perfringens food poisoning results when an individual eats food in which the microbe has germinated and grown to elevated numbers (at least 500,000 per gram of food). The bacteria produce spores – and an enterotoxin – once they are in the small intestine. The incubation period for symptoms to develop is 6 to 24 hours; most victims develop symptoms 10 to 12 hours after eating a contaminated meal.

What is C. perfringens food poisoning?

C. perfringens food poisoning symptoms are the result of the enterotoxin that is produced when the bacteria sporulates in the small intestine.

What are the symptoms of C. perfringens food poisoning?

Symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps and nausea, usually lasting for 12 to 24 hours, but occasionally lasting as long as 48 hours.

What is the prognosis of C. perfringens food poisoning?

The disease is self-limiting; however, symptoms can be more severe and longer lasting in the elderly or in debilitated patients. Rarely, the symptoms can prove fatal to the elderly, the debilitated or the very young.

What foods carry Clostridium perfringens?

C. perfringens is most often associated with meat dishes that are cooked in advance, cooled too slowly, and then reheated inadequately and held at a temperature that promotes bacterial growth. Under these circumstances, spores that are present in the raw meat and that survive the original cooking, are able to germinate and grow while the meat cools and while it is reheated and held.

How can people protect themselves from Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?

  • Always cool cooked food promptly in the refrigerator or freezer. Do not let food stand at room temperature for extended periods of time.
  • When thawing a frozen dish, do so in the refrigerator – not at room temperature.
  • When reheating a cooked dish, bring the temperature of the food to at least 165ºF (74ºC) before serving.
  • Always pay attention to recall notices, and return any recalled item to the store, or discard it in a sealed bag.

For more information on Clostridium perfringens and other food-borne pathogens, visit the CDC website or read Food Safety: Old Habits, New Perspectives.

Recalls and Alerts: March 2, 2012

Here is today’s list of food safety recalls, product withdrawals, allergy alerts and miscellaneous compliance issues. The live links will take you directly to the official recall notices and company news releases that contain detailed information for each recall and alert.

If you would like to receive automatic email alerts for all new articles posted on eFoodAlert, please submit your request using the sidebar link.

United States

Canada

  • Food Safety Recall: Glatt’s Kosher Meat Products (Montreal, QC) recalls Glatt’s Beef Frankfurters Jumbo BBQ (375g packages; UPC 0 55627 00203 6; Best Before date of 12AL21), because the product may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The recalled Beef Frankfurters were distributed in Quebec and Ontario.
  • Food Safety Recall: Charcuterie La Tour Eiffel Inc. recalls La Belle Bretagne brand Our Cooked Ham – Original (Variable kg; Best before 12AL14 or 12AL21), La Belle Bretagne brand Sliced Cooked Ham (Variable kg; Best before 12AL01), La Belle Bretagne brand Our Cooked Ham – Original Sliced (175g; Best before 12MR30), Tour Eiffel Cooked Ham – Extra Lean (Variable kg; Lot 271), Tour Eiffel Parisian Cooked Ham (175g; Best before 12MR31), Tour Eiffel Shaved Parisian Cooked Ham (175g and 400g; Best before 12MR20 or 12MR21), and Tour Eiffel Chopped Cooked Ham (400g; Best before 12MR16), due to contamination with Clostridium perfringens. The recalled products were supplied to retailers, and to hotels, restaurants, and institutions in Quebec.

Europe

  • Food Safety Withdrawal (UK): B&M Sausages withdraws the following meat products in Scotland, due to inadequate disinfection of food contact surfaces between raw and ready-to-eat foods, resulting in potential cross-contamination with pathogenic bacteria: Wiejka Sausage, Szynka Poledwica, Boczek Rdowany, Zwyczajna, Firmova, Szynkowa, Kabanos, Schab Rolonkiny, Krakowska, Biala, Przysmak Swietokrzyski, Parowkova, Pasztetowa, Frankfurterki, Salceson, Zeberka Wedzone, Boczek, Kaszanka, Blgosowka, Rolada Pieczen, Karczek Pieczony, and Boczek Pieczony (produced up to and including 1 March 2012).
  • Dietary Supplement Safety Recall (Spain): AEMPS mandates the recall of L-5HTP (60 capsules; 1000mg/capsule), because the product contains the unauthorized active ingredient L-5 hydroxytriptophan
  • Outbreak Alert (UK): The Royal Lancaster Infirmary (Lancashire) has banned visitors from nine wards in an effort to contain an outbreak of norovirus at the hospital.
  • Food Safety Notification (EU #2012.0319): Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli in onion mettwurst sausage from Germany; distributed to Germany.
  • Food Safety Notification (EU #2012.0320): Cadmium in frozen ribbonfish from India; distributed to Italy.
  • Food Safety Notification (EU #2012.0321): Dicofol and oxamyl in green beans from Morocco, via Spain; distributed to Germany.
  • Allergy Alert Notification (EU #2012.0322): Undeclared milk ingredient in dark chocolate spread from Belgium; distributed to Andorra, France and Spain.

Australia and New Zealand

  • Allergy Alert (Australia): The Reject Shop Ltd. recalls Snack Stacks Potato Crisps Barbeque (160g cardboard tube; Product of China; All best before dates up to and including 20/02/2012), due to the presence of undeclared whey, a milk protein. The recalled product was sold in The Reject Shop retail stores across Australia.
  • Food Safety Recall (New Zealand): Vitaco Health (NZ) Limited recalls Healtheries Kidscare Rice Wheels-Cheese-Sour Cream & Chives-Burger (All pack sizes; All Best before dates up to and including 24/11/12) and Healtheries Wiggles Ricey Bites-Cheese-Tomato (All pack sizes; All Best before dates up to and including 24/11/12), due to possible contamination with glass particles. The recalled products were sold in Supermarkets and Health Stores across New Zealand.
  • Food Safety Recall (Australia): Vitaco Health Australia recalls Healtheries Kidscare Rice Wheels Roast Chicken (10 x 18g packets; Best before dates up to and including 4/01/13), Healtheries Kidscare Rice Wheels Burger (10 x 18g packets; Best before dates up to and including 4/01/13), Healtheries Kidscare Rice Wheels Cheese (10 x 18g packets; Best before dates up to and including 4/01/13) and Healtheries Wiggles Ricey Bites Cheese (8 x 15g packets; Best before dates up to and including 4/01/13), due to contamination with foreign matter (glass). The recalled products were imported from Indonesia and sold online and nationally at Coles, Woolworths, Safeway, The Reject Shop, IGA and other independent supermarkets.
  • Outbreak Alert (New Zealand): At least 19 cases of hepatitis A infections have been confirmed in Auckland, including a cluster of cases involving school-age children. The source of the outbreak is unknown.

Some supermarket chains post recall notices on their web sites for the convenience of customers. To see whether a recalled food was carried by your favorite supermarket, follow the live link to the supermarket’s recall web site.

*The Kroger umbrella encompasses numerous supermarket, marketplace and convenience store chains, listed on the Kroger corporate home page.
**Includes Safeway, Vons, Pavilions, Dominick’s, Genuardi’s, Randalls, Tom Thumb, Carrs and Pak N’ Save.

Recalls and Alerts: February 6, 2012

Here is today’s list of food safety recalls, product withdrawals, allergy alerts and miscellaneous compliance issues. The live links will take you directly to the official recall notices and company news releases that contain detailed information for each recall and alert.

If you would like to receive automatic email alerts for all new articles posted on eFoodAlert, please submit your request using the sidebar link.

United States

  • Allergy Alert:  Allied Imports Inc. (Brooklyn, NY) recalls Dried Potato (12-oz/340g plastic bag; UPC 6 43719 12507 9; Product of China; No lot/date codes), due to the presence high levels of undeclared sulfites. The product was distributed in the immediate New York City area.
  • Medical/Surgical Kit Safety Recall Update: North American Rescue, LLC (Greer, SC) recalls NAR Surgical Crichothyroidotomy KitCrickit® – due to the potential contamination with the bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica of the povidone iodine prep pads, manufactured by Triad Group. This is a follow up to the recall initiated on May 5, 2011 by North American Rescue. The Crickit® Kit also may be found inside the NAR Medic Trauma Pack Kit, available in 4 colors. The recalled kits were distributed from 4/30/09 to 4/22/11 in the USA, Switzerland, Denmark, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Austria, Norway, England, Estonia, Japan, South Africa and Canada.
  • Outbreak Alert (Cruise Ship): 142 passengers and 8 crew members on board the P & O Cruises ship Aurora developed norovirus gastroenteritis while on a voyage that  began on January 4, 2012 and terminated in San Francisco on January 26, 2012.
  • Outbreak Alert (Cruise Ship): 248 passengers and 11 crew members on board the Royal Caribbean Cruise Line ship Voyager of the Seas developed symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea while on a voyage that began on January 28, 2012 and terminated in New Orleans on February 4th. The causative agent has not yet been identified.
  • Outbreak Alert (Cruise Ship): 364 (or more) passengers and 32 crew members on board the Princess Cruises ship Crown Princess developed symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea while on a voyage that began on January 28, 2012 and terminated in Ft. Lauderdale on February 4th. The causative agent has not yet been identified.
  • Outbreak Alert (Update): The Pierre, South Dakota outbreak linked to the Pierre-Mitchell high school boys’ basketball game held on January 31st was due to Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, according to a news release issued today by the South Dakota Department of Health. Questionnaires completed voluntarily by outbreak victims strongly implicated tacos as the source of the illnesses that struck approximately 50 people.

Canada

  • Allergy Alert: Veggie Favour Food Store recalls Veggie Favour brand Veggie Large Shrimp Style Soy Product (300g; No lot/date codes), due to the presence of undeclared wheat. The recalled product was sold in British Columbia.
  • Food Safety Recall: Milford Bay Trout Farm Inc. (Bracebridge, ON) recalls Milford Bay Trout Farm Inc. Smoked Trout Filet (variable weight vacuum packages; Best before February 9, 2012 and February 10, 2012; Lot code 30644-1), because the product may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The recalled smoked trout filets were distributed in Ontario.
  • Food Safety Recall: Livno Meats (Hornby, ON) recalls Livno Meats Dry Sausage (200g vacuum package; Batch #4; Packed on DE/11/28 OR packed in plastic bag per customer order and sold from December 28, 2011 through January 21, 2012), due to possible contamination with Salmonella. The recalled sausage was sold only from the Livno Meats retail store in Hornby, ON.
  • Medical/Surgical Kit Safety Recall Update: North American Rescue, LLC (Greer, SC) recalls NAR Surgical Crichothyroidotomy Kit – Crickit® – due to the potential contamination with the bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica of the povidone iodine prep pads, manufactured by Triad Group. This is a follow up to the recall initiated on May 5, 2011 by North American Rescue. The Crickit® Kit also may be found inside the NAR Medic Trauma Pack Kit, available in 4 colors. The recalled kits were distributed from 4/30/09 to 4/22/11 in the USA, Switzerland, Denmark, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Austria, Norway, England, Estonia, Japan, South Africa and Canada.
  • Consumer Product Safety Recall: Abond Corporation (Lachine, QC) recalls Honey Bunny Infant Terry Bib with Pocket (Manufactured in China; Style #BB52; UPC 773299000524), because the front pocket and the back lining of the bib contain phthalates in excess of the allowable limit.
  • Consumer Product Safety Recall: Tech4Kids Inc. (Mississauga, ON) recalls Splat Shot – Marvel Spider Sense Spiderman, Splat Ball – Marvel Spider Sense Spiderman, and Splat Shot Disc – Marvel Spider Sense Spiderman, because the product contains the toxic substance, bronopol. The recalled toys were manufactured by JS Vision Ltd./Miracle Toys Ltd, Kowloon, Hong Kong and sold in Canada from November 2010 to January 2012.

Europe

  • Food Safety Recall (Netherlands): Culina Foods bvba recalls Dress It Up Mustard/Dill Dressing (Expiration dates 17/02/2012, 09/04/2012 and 21/05/2012), because a production error occurred which may result in fermentation in the bottle, causing the bottle cap to blow off.
  • Food Safety Recall (Sweden): ICA recalls ICA Minced Beef (1600g and 2500g; Product of Ireland; Use by dates of February 6 and 7 and of February 5 and 6, respectively), after routine testing discovered Salmonella in the products.
  • Food Safety Recall (Switzerland): Migros recalls five Cornatur Quorn brand products, because they may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. The recalled products were available for sale since January 2012. Please refer to the recall notice for full details.
  • Food Safety Recall (Germany): Dr. August Oetker KG Foods recalls Chopped Hazelnuts (100g; Best before 01/2013; Batch #1:13-L002-L003), due to contamination with metal filament fragments.
  • Pharmaceutical Product Safety Recall (Spain): Ferrer Farma, S.A. recalls Etoposido Ferrer Farma 20mg/ml Solution for Injection (1 vial of 200mg/10mL; Lot 96883306; Expiry 01/2014; Manufactured by EBEWE Pharma GmbH NFg. KG of Austria), because of a defect in the capsule seal in certain vials.
  • Medical/Surgical Kit Safety Recall Update: North American Rescue, LLC (Greer, SC) recalls NAR Surgical Crichothyroidotomy Kit – Crickit® – due to the potential contamination with the bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica of the povidone iodine prep pads, manufactured by Triad Group. This is a follow up to the recall initiated on May 5, 2011 by North American Rescue. The Crickit® Kit also may be found inside the NAR Medic Trauma Pack Kit, available in 4 colors. The recalled kits were distributed from 4/30/09 to 4/22/11 in the USA, Switzerland, Denmark, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Austria, Norway, England, Estonia, Japan, South Africa and Canada.
  • Outbreak Alert (Russia): Fifteen young gymnasts returning from a sporting event in Bratsk (Irkutsk region) developed food poisoning symptoms during their journey. The children were hospitalized for observation.
  • Food Safety Notification/Outbreak Alert (EU #2012.0178): Foodborne outbreak suspected to be caused by watermelon from Brazil; distributed to Ireland and the United Kingdom.
  • Allergy Alert Notification (EU #2012.0186): Hazelnut traces in chocolate paste from Belgium; distributed to Belgium and the Netherlands.
  • Food Safety Notification (EU #2012.0187): Aflatoxins in organic broken white rice from Pakistan; distributed to Belgium.

Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands

  • Food Safety Alert (Hong Kong): The Centre for Food Safety urges the public not to consume Shinshu Enokitake Gold-Needle Mushrooms (100g and 200g; Production date February 1 and 2, 2012; Produced by JA Kitashinshu Miyuki, Nagano Prefecture, Japan), because the products may contain glass fragments.
  • Chinese Herbal Medicine Safety Alert (Hong Kong): The Department of Health warns the public to stop using Flos Campsis, purchased from Cheong Kee Medicine Co in Yen Chow Street, Sham Shui Po, because the product may be mislabeled.
  • Illegal Health Product Safety Alert (Singapore): The Singapore Health Sciences Authority alters the public to a series of serious adverse health events related to the consumption of illegal sexual enhancement health products.
  • Medical/Surgical Kit Safety Recall Update: North American Rescue, LLC (Greer, SC) recalls NAR Surgical Crichothyroidotomy Kit – Crickit® – due to the potential contamination with the bacterium Elizabethkingia meningoseptica of the povidone iodine prep pads, manufactured by Triad Group. This is a follow up to the recall initiated on May 5, 2011 by North American Rescue. The Crickit® Kit also may be found inside the NAR Medic Trauma Pack Kit, available in 4 colors. The recalled kits were distributed from 4/30/09 to 4/22/11 in the USA, Switzerland, Denmark, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Austria, Norway, England, Estonia, Japan, South Africa and Canada.
  • Outbreak Alert (Algeria): Seventy-four cases of hepatitis A have been confirmed during January 2012 in Constantine. Most of the victims are school children.
  • Outbreak Alert (Congo DR): Twenty-three cholera cases, including two deaths, have been reported in Kasindi-Lubiriya since the beginning of 2012.
  • Outbreak Alert (India): More than 70 people were rushed to hospital with symptoms of food poisoning after attending a wedding function in Shamli town (Prabhudhnanag). All are reported to be in stable condition.

Australia and New Zealand

  • Outbreak Alert (Australia): Queensland Health is warning the public about an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, a highly contagious parasitic disease that is a cause of acute diarrhea, especially in young children. Fifty-one lab-confirmed cases have been reported in the past month; in a typical year, fewer than 20 cases are seen.
  • Boil Water Alert (Australia): Residents along some parts of the New South Wales Central Coast have been advised to boil their drinking water after E. coli was found in the water supply.

Latin America and the Caribbean

Some supermarket chains post recall notices on their web sites for the convenience of customers. To see whether a recalled food was carried by your favorite supermarket, follow the live link to the supermarket’s recall web site.

*The Kroger umbrella encompasses numerous supermarket, marketplace and convenience store chains, listed on the Kroger corporate home page.
**Includes Safeway, Vons, Pavilions, Dominick’s, Genuardi’s, Randalls, Tom Thumb, Carrs and Pak N’ Save.